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What Are The Four Components Of Computer Processing?

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The four components of computer processing include:

  • CPU
This is where the computer gets its instructions on how to do certain tasks or execute certain programs. It is often referred to as the 'brain' of the computer as this is what tells a computer to carry out tasks such as opening a new window or displaying a photo. The CPU is made up of three smaller parts including the arithmetic unit, the machine code and the instruction decoding unit.

  • Memory
This works together with the CPU. Once instructions for specific tasks to be carried out are converted by the CPU into a machine code, this is then stored in the memory as a set of instructions or data.
  • Input Units
These include all the devices that are connected up to the computer to feed it different information. For example, this includes the keyboard, mouse and hard drive. The name 'input' suggests that these devices are 'inputting' information and data from the outside world into the computer. They act in the same way as our ears bring noise to the brain where the information is then interpreted and understood.

  • Output units
These are devices that convey information back to the individual using the computer. This will include a monitor, speakers and printer.
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A computer has four main components: The central processing unit or CPU, the primary memory, input units and output units. A system bus connects all four components, passing and relaying information among them. This type of computer organization and architecture is called a "von Neumann machine" after John von Neumann, who finalized the theory and design of the first modern digital computer.


CPU
Computer scientists typically call the CPU the "brain" of the computer because this is where programs are executed. A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to accomplish a specific task, such as sending a file to the printer, opening a browser window, or playing music or video.
Memory

Once the CPU converts a specific set of computer program instructions into machine code, it stores that machine code in primary storage or memory. The machine code will be treated as either data or instructions. The CPU fetches data and instructions from memory, uses an instruction to manipulate the data, and then sends the result and the next set of instructions back to memory.

Input Units

Input units are all the devices you use to feed information to the computer, such as a keyboard, a hard drive or a networking card. These devices, in essence, bring data from the "outside world" into your computer, in much the same way that your eyes and ears bring information to your brain. Each input device has its own hardware controller that connects to the CPU and primary memory, and it has a set of instructions that tell the CPU how to use it.

Output Units

Output units are the devices your computer uses to relay information to the user, such as a printer, monitors and speakers. For example, everything you see on your computer monitor starts as machine code in memory. The CPU takes that machine code and converts it into a format required by your monitor's hardware. Your monitor's hardware then converts that information into different light intensities so that you see words or pictures.

The System Bus

The system bus lets the four components of the computer communicate with one another. The system bus transmits data and instructions. It also sends addresses that tell the CPU wherein primary memory the data and instructions are coming from and where the results should go.

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